Xerostomia Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Xerostomia, including details on dry mouth, treatment, causes, lack of saliva.

E2F-1-deficient NOD/SCID mice developed showing decreased saliva production.

Matsui-Inohara H, Uematsu H, Narita T, Satoh K, Yonezawa H, Kuroda K, Ito T, Yoneda S, Kawarai T, Sugiya H, Watanabe H, Senpuku H

Department of Bacteriology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.

The non-obese diabetic mouse (NOD) is the most characterized model used to study insulin-dependent type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and Sjoögren's syndrome (SS). In a previous report, we found NOD.E2f1(-/-) mice show a greater progressive development to IDDM and SS compared to NOD mice. Our previous data indicated a progressive decrease in regulatory T cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)) and a decrease in the systemic secretion systems for insulin, and saliva was associated with the progression of IDDM and SS. Therefore, to define the mechanism of early-onset IDDM SS in E2F-1 deficient NOD mice required further investigation by producing E2F-1 deficient NOD/SCID mice in which the T and B cells do not develop. The purpose here was to analyze the essential function of the E2F-1 molecule in the development of IDDM and SS; and the dysfunction of the pancreas islet and salivary gland in the NOD background using NOD/SCID mice. We produced NOD/SCID.E2f1(-/-) mice using homologous recombination; determined diabetes development; measured saliva and insulin production; and performed a histological analysis. The deficient mice showed a decreasing volume of saliva; no infiltration of lymphocytes into salivary glands; no development of diabetes; and no protein localization of FGFR-2b in the ducts of the salivary gland that regulates submandibular gland proliferation and morphogenesis. Therefore, we considered a deficiency in E2F-1 induces a decrease in regulatory T cells and an increase in auto-reactive T cells; however, the E2F-1 deficiency is not associated with T and B cells-independent dysfunction of pancreatic beta cell in insulin secretion. Further, the E2F-1 deficiency is associated with T and B cells-independent dysfunction of the salivary gland exhibits a decrease in saliva production volume. We suggest E2F-1 may be also associated with the differentiation of exocrine cells in the duct where FGFR-2b is expressed in the salivary gland. The E2F-1 deficient NOD/SCID mouse model is useful for showing the development of the salivary gland; and is also useful for various experiments in humanized mice.

Published 25 November 2009 in Exp Biol Med (Maywood), 234(12): 1525-36.
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Articles on Xerostomia published 7 October 2009:

Minor salivary gland biopsy to detect primary Sjogren syndrome in patients with interstitial lung disease.   Chest, 136(4): 1072-8.

PURPOSES: To describe a cohort of patients who presented with interstitial lung disease (ILD) of unknown cause, features of primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS), and a positive minor salivary gland biopsy (MSGB). METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with ILD evaluated at our center underwent an MSGB to confirm a diagnosis of pSS. All of the samples were reviewed by pathologists experienced in the evaluation of salivary gland histology. We defined a positive MSGB finding as a lymphocyte focus score of ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Xerostomia published 28 September 2009:

The minor salivary gland biopsy as a diagnostic tool for Sjogren syndrome.   Laryngoscope, 119(10): 1922-6.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: In suspected cases of Sjogren syndrome (SS), patients are often referred for a labial minor salivary gland biopsy. However, studies have shown this test to be unreliable. Pathologic misinterpretation and immunosuppressive medications may affect the results of the biopsy. As a result, it is best to perform this procedure only when necessary. The purpose of the current study was to review clinical signs and symptoms of patients who underwent a lip biopsy to determine which ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Xerostomia published 24 September 2009:

The role of fractalkine as an accelerating factor on the autoimmune exocrinopathy in mice.   Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 50(10): 4753-60.

PURPOSE: Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease caused by the progressive loss of exocrine glands and is associated with several autoimmune phenomena. Various research studies have been performed, and many molecules have been suggested as responsible for the pathogenesis of SS. Here the authors show the increased expression of fractalkine (CX(3)CL1) in lacrimal glands of SS model mice. Among more than 50 known chemokines, fractalkine is the sole member of the CX(3)C ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Xerostomia published 17 September 2009:

Rituximab therapy in primary Sjögren's syndrome.   Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1173: 701-5.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of glandular tissues leading to sicca symptoms, namely, dry eyes and dry mouth. In the majority of cases, the disease course is benign, albeit with considerable patient discomfort. Some patients, however, have systemic symptoms with arthritis, cutaneous vasculitis, low complement levels, and cryoglobulinemia. A small but not insignificant percentage of those patients evolve to B cell lymphoma. The ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Sex differences in a murine model of Sjögren's syndrome.   Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1173: 378-83.

Sex differences in a NOD.H2(h4) murine model of Sjögren's syndrome were analyzed. Compared to males, female NOD.H2(h4) mice have increased severity of sialoadenitis and have a significantly increased percentage of CD4(+) T cells in salivary gland infiltrates. CD4(+) T cells in female infiltrates produce more Th2 and Th17 cytokines than in males, while males have greater Th1 responses. Females also have enhanced B cell responses, with higher levels of SSA and SSB serum antibodies, and B cell ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Xerostomia published 16 September 2009:

Usefulness of initial histological features for stratifying Sjogren's syndrome responders to mizoribine therapy.   Rheumatology (Oxford), 48(10): 1279-82.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the response of patients with SS to mizoribine therapy in relation to histological features of minor salivary glands. METHODS: Forty patients definitely diagnosed as having SS were treated with mizoribine (150 mg/day). Thirty-four untreated patients matched for age, baseline salivary secretion, etc., served as controls. Salivary secretion volume (measured by the Saxon test) and serum IgG level were measured before and after 24 weeks of treatment. Each histological ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Xerostomia published 14 September 2009:

Neuropsychiatric syndromes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and primary Sjögren syndrome: a comparative population-based study.   Ann Rheum Dis, 68(10): 1541-6.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence and pattern of neuropsychiatric (NP) syndromes observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to patients with Primary Sjögren syndrome (PSS) using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for the 19 NP syndromes seen in SLE. METHODS: A population-based study was conducted including 68 patients with SLE (mean (SD) age 43.8 (13.6) years) and 72 with PSS (age 57.8 (13.0) years). Specialists in internal medicine, neurology and neuropsychology ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

Articles on Xerostomia published 11 September 2009:

Hematologic manifestations and predictors of lymphoma development in primary Sjögren syndrome: clinical and pathophysiologic aspects.   Medicine (Baltimore), 88(5): 284-93.

The diverse hematologic manifestations of primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) have not been systematically investigated, and their prognostic relevance remains unclear. We conducted a retrospective study of 536 consecutive patients followed in our institution to assess the prevalence of hematologic abnormalities and their associations with various disease manifestations in pSS. We also aimed to identify risk factors for the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) overall and by subtype. Anemia of ... [Abstract] [Full-text]

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